Project Stakeholders
　　項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者
　　Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project,or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion.They may also exert influence over the project's objectives and outcomes.The project management team must identify the stakeholders,determine their requirements and expectations,and,to the extent possible,manage their influence in relation to the requirements to ensure a successful project.Figure 2-5 illustrates the relationship between stakeholders and the project team.
　　項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者就是積極參與項(xiàng)目，或其利益因項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施或完成而受到積極或消極影響的個(gè)人和組織，他們還會(huì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)和結(jié)果施加影響。項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)必須弄清楚誰(shuí)是利害關(guān)系者，確定他們的要求和期望，然后根據(jù)他們的要求對(duì)其影響盡力加以管理，確保項(xiàng)目取得成功。圖2-5說(shuō)明了項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者與項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)之間的關(guān)系?！　?nbsp;

　　
　　Figure 2-5.The Relationship Between Stakeholders and the Project
　　
　　圖2-5 利害關(guān)系者與項(xiàng)目之間的關(guān)系

　　Stakeholders have varying levels of responsibility and authority when participating on a project and these can change over the course of the project's life cycle.Their responsibility and authority range from occasional contributions in surveys and focus groups to full project sponsorship,which includes providing financial and political support.Stakeholders who ignore this responsibility can have a damaging impact on the project objectives.Likewise,project managers who ignore stakeholders can expect a damaging impact on project outcomes.
　　項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者在參與項(xiàng)目時(shí)的責(zé)任與權(quán)限大小變化很大，并且在項(xiàng)目生命期的不同階段也會(huì)變化。項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者的責(zé)任與權(quán)限有時(shí)候是偶爾參與調(diào)查和重點(diǎn)對(duì)象小組，有時(shí)候是全力贊助項(xiàng)目，包括提供財(cái)力與政治支持。置上述責(zé)任與權(quán)限于腦后的利害關(guān)系者可能會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)。同樣，忽視利害關(guān)系者的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理也會(huì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果造成破壞性影響。
　　Sometimes,stakeholder identification can be difficult.For example,some would argue that an assembly-line worker whose future employment depends on the outcome of a new product-design project is a stakeholder.Failure to identify a key stakeholder can cause major problems for a project.For example,late recognition that the legal department was a significant stakeholder in a year 2000 rollover（Y2K）software upgrade project caused many additional documentation tasks to be added to the project's requirements.
　　識(shí)別項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者有時(shí)候很困難。例如，某些人會(huì)提出將來(lái)的就業(yè)取決于新產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果的裝配線工人是否屬于項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者。不能識(shí)別重要的項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者可能會(huì)給項(xiàng)目引發(fā)重大問(wèn)題。例如，在千年蟲(chóng)軟件更新項(xiàng)目中，管理者一直到很晚才認(rèn)識(shí)到法律部門(mén)是重要的利害關(guān)系者，結(jié)果是必須在該項(xiàng)目要求說(shuō)明書(shū)中添加許多內(nèi)容，增加大量文件任務(wù)。
　　Stakeholders may have a positive or negative influence on a project.Positive stakeholders are those who would normally benefit from a successful outcome from the project,while negative stakeholders are those who see negative outcomes from the project's success.For example,business leaders from a community that will benefit from an industrial expansion project may be positive stakeholders because they see economic benefit to the community from the project's success.Conversely,environmental groups could be negative stakeholders if they view the project as doing harm to the environment.In the case of positive stakeholders,their interests are best served by helping the project succeed,for example,helping the project obtain the needed permits to proceed.The negative stakeholders'interest would be better served by impeding the project's progress by demanding more extensive environmental reviews.Negative stakeholders are often overlooked by the project team at the risk of failing to bring their projects to a successful end.
　　項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者對(duì)于項(xiàng)目的影響，存在積極和消極的情況都有可能。積極的利害關(guān)系者通常是從項(xiàng)目的成功結(jié)果中獲益者，而消極的利害關(guān)系者是從項(xiàng)目的成功中看到消極結(jié)果者。同樣，忽視利害關(guān)系者的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理也會(huì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果造成破壞性影響。例如，某社區(qū)從某工業(yè)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目中獲益的商界領(lǐng)袖人物，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹巾?xiàng)目的成功為社區(qū)帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益而可能成為積極的利害關(guān)系者。相反，環(huán)境保護(hù)組織如果認(rèn)為該項(xiàng)目損壞環(huán)境的話，就可能成為消極的利害關(guān)系者。對(duì)于積極的利害關(guān)系者，幫助項(xiàng)目成功能夠最好地實(shí)現(xiàn)其利益，如幫助項(xiàng)目取得必要的起動(dòng)許可證。但要求進(jìn)行更深入的環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)，阻礙項(xiàng)目的績(jī)效能夠最好地實(shí)現(xiàn)消極利害關(guān)系者的利益。項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)常忽略消極利害關(guān)系者的利益，其后果是無(wú)法使項(xiàng)目到達(dá)成功的終點(diǎn)。

Key stakeholders on every project include:
　　每個(gè)項(xiàng)目都包括的關(guān)鍵利害關(guān)系者有：
　　Project manager.The person responsible for managing the project.
　　項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理。負(fù)責(zé)管理項(xiàng)目的個(gè)人。
　　Customer/user.The person or organization that will use the project's product.There may be multiple layers of customers.For example,the customers for a new pharmaceutical product can include the doctors who prescribe it,the patients who take it and the insurers who pay for it.In some application areas,customer and user are synonymous,while in others,customer refers to the entity acquiring the project's product and users are those who will directly utilize the project's product.
　　顧客/用戶。使用項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品的個(gè)人或組織。顧客可能有多個(gè)層次。例如，新藥的顧客可能包括開(kāi)藥方的大夫、服藥的病人，以及為該種藥物付款的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)公司。在某些應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，顧客和用戶是同義詞，但是在另外一些領(lǐng)域，顧客指購(gòu)買(mǎi)項(xiàng)目結(jié)果的實(shí)體，而用戶指直接使用該項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品的個(gè)人。
　　Performing organization.The enterprise whose employees are most directly involved in doing the work of the project.
　　項(xiàng)目實(shí)施組織。雇員最直接參與項(xiàng)目工作的單位。
　　Project team members.The group that is performing the work of the project.
　　項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)。完成項(xiàng)目工作的集體。
　　Project management team.The members of the project team who are directly involved in project management activities.
　　項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員。直接參與項(xiàng)目管理活動(dòng)的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員。
　　Sponsor.The person or group that provides the financial resources,in cash or in kind,for the project.
　　贊助人。為項(xiàng)目提供現(xiàn)金或?qū)嵨镓?cái)力資源的個(gè)人或團(tuán)體。
　　Influencers.People or groups that are not directly related to the acquisition or use of the project's product,but due to an individual's position in the customer organization or performing organization,can influence,positively or negatively,the course of the project.
　　施加影響者。同項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品的取得和使用沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系，但是因其在顧客組織或?qū)嵤┙M織中的地位而能夠?qū)?xiàng)目的進(jìn)程施加積極或消極影響的個(gè)人或集體。
　　PMO.If it exists in the performing organization,the PMO can be a stakeholder if it has direct or indirect responsibility for the outcome of the project.
　　項(xiàng)目管理辦公室。如果項(xiàng)目實(shí)施組織設(shè)立了項(xiàng)目管理辦公室，并且對(duì)項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果負(fù)有直接或間接的責(zé)任，它就可能成為一個(gè)利害關(guān)系者。
　　In addition to these key stakeholders,there are many different names and categories of project stakeholders,including internal and external,owners and investors,sellers and contractors,team members and their families,government agencies and media outlets,individual citizens,temporary or permanent lobbying organizations,and society-at-large.The naming or grouping of stakeholders is primarily an aid to identifying which individuals and organizations view themselves as stakeholders.Stakeholder roles and responsibilities can overlap,such as when an engineering firm provides financing for a plant that it is designing.
　　除上述利害關(guān)系者之外，還有許多不同名稱和不同類(lèi)型的項(xiàng)目利害關(guān)系者，包括內(nèi)部和外部利害關(guān)系者、業(yè)主和投資者、供應(yīng)商和承包商、成員及其家庭、政府機(jī)構(gòu)和媒體、個(gè)別公民、臨時(shí)的和永久的游說(shuō)組織，以及整個(gè)社會(huì)。利害關(guān)系者的命名和分類(lèi)主要是作為判斷哪些個(gè)人和組織把自已視為利害關(guān)系者的一種輔助手段。利害關(guān)系者的角色和責(zé)任可能重疊，如某工程公司為它所設(shè)計(jì)的工廠融資。
　　Project managers must manage stakeholder expectations,which can be difficult because stakeholders often have very different or conflicting objectives.For example:
　　項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理必須管理利害關(guān)系者的期望，這可能是件難事，因?yàn)槔﹃P(guān)系者的目標(biāo)往往彼此相距甚遠(yuǎn)，甚至互相沖突。例如：
　　The manager of a department that has requested a new management information system may desire low cost,the system architect may emphasize technical excellence,and the programming contractor may be most interested in maximizing its profit.
　　要求添置新管理信息系統(tǒng)的部門(mén)經(jīng)理可能希望費(fèi)用低廉，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)師可能強(qiáng)調(diào)技術(shù)上上乘，而編程承包人關(guān)心的則是取得最大利潤(rùn)。
　　The vice president of research at an electronics firm may define new product success as state-of-the-art technology,the vice president of manufacturing may define it as world-class practices,and the vice president of marketing may be primarily concerned with the number of new features.
　　某電子公司負(fù)責(zé)研究工作的副總裁可能會(huì)把新產(chǎn)品的成功定義為達(dá)到當(dāng)前最先進(jìn)技術(shù)水平，負(fù)責(zé)制造的副總裁可能將其定義為世界第一流的生產(chǎn)工藝，而負(fù)責(zé)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)的副總裁可能主要關(guān)心產(chǎn)品有多少新的特殊性能。
　　The owner of a real estate development project may be focused on timely performance,the local governing body may desire to maximize tax revenue,an environmental group may wish to minimize adverse environmental impacts,and nearby residents may hope to relocate the project.
　　房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目的業(yè)主的注意力可能集中于時(shí)間進(jìn)度，當(dāng)?shù)卣畽C(jī)構(gòu)可能希望盡可能增加稅收收入，環(huán)保組織可能希望盡量減少對(duì)環(huán)境的不利影響，而附近居民則希望將此項(xiàng)目另移他處。